Bhagavad Gita · 1 · Arjuna Vishada Yoga — Spiritual Library

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 1 Verified original

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय

ധര്‍മ്മക്ഷേത്രേ കുരുക്ഷേത്രേ സമവേതാ യുയുത്സവഃ മാമകാഃ പാണ്ഡവാശ്ചൈവ കിമകുര്‍വ്വത സഞ്ജയ

dhṛtarāśhtra uvācha dharma-kṣhetre kuru-kṣhetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāśh chaiva kim akurvata sañjaya

English Translation

Dhritarashtra said: O Sanjaya, assembled on the holy field of Kurukshetra and desiring to fight, what did my sons and the sons of Pandu do?

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Explanation · English

The Gita opens with the blind king Dhritarashtra asking his secretary Sanjaya about the battle. The word "dharma-kṣhetre" (field of dharma) is significant — Kurukshetra is not just a battlefield but a place of righteousness. By calling it "dharma-kshetra," the text foreshadows that the outcome will favor dharma. The king's anxiety is revealed by "māmakāḥ" (my sons) vs "pāṇḍavāḥ" (sons of Pandu) — he separates them, showing his bias.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 2 Verified original

सञ्जय उवाच दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा आचार्यमुपसंगम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत्

ദൃഷ്ട്വാ തു പാണ്ഡവാനീകം വ്യൂഢം ദുര്യോധനസ്തദാ ആചാര്യമുപസംഗമ്യ രാജാ വചനമബ്രവീത്

sañjaya uvācha dṛṣhṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṁ vyūḍhaṁ duryodhanas tadā āchāryam upasaṅgamya rājā vachanam abravīt

English Translation

Sanjaya said: Seeing the army of the Pandavas arranged in military formation, King Duryodhana approached his teacher Dronacharya and spoke these words.

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Explanation · English

Duryodhana's first instinct upon seeing the Pandava army is to run to his teacher Drona — not to strategize, but to seek reassurance. This reveals his insecurity despite having the larger army. The word "vyūḍham" (arranged in formation) indicates the Pandavas are well-organized, which disturbs Duryodhana.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 3 Verified original

पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता

പശ്യൈതാം പാണ്ഡുപുത്രാണാമാചാര്യ മഹതീം ചമൂം വ്യൂഢാം ദ്രുപദപുത്രേണ തവ ശിഷ്യേണ ധീമതാ

paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇāmācārya mahatīṃ camūm vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā

English Translation

O teacher, (please) see this vast army of the sons of Pandu, arrayed for battle by the son of Drupada, your intelligent disciple.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 4 Verified original

अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः

അത്ര ശൂരാ മഹേഷ്വാസാ ഭീമാര്‍ജുനസമാ യുധി യുയുധാനോ വിരാടശ്ച ദ്രുപദശ്ച മഹാരഥഃ

atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi yuyudhāno virāṭaśca drupadaśca mahārathaḥ

English Translation

Here are the heroes wielding great bows, who in battle are compeers of Bhima and Arjuna: Yuyudhana (Satyaki) and Virata, and the maharatha (great chariot-rider) Drupada;

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Explanation · English

Technically? maharatha means a warrior who is proficient in the science of war and who is able to fight alone with ten thousand archers.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 5 Verified original

धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुंगवः

ധൃഷ്ടകേതുശ്ചേകിതാനഃ കാശിരാജശ്ച വീര്യവാന്‍ പുരുജിത്കുന്തിഭോജശ്ച ശൈബ്യശ്ച നരപുംഗവഃ

dhṛṣṭaketuścekitānaḥ kāśirājaśca vīryavān purujitkuntibhojaśca śaibyaśca narapuṃgavaḥ

English Translation

Dhrstaketu, Cekitana, and the valiant king of Kasi (Varanasi); Purujit and Kuntibhoja, and Saibya, the choicest among men;

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 6 Verified original

युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः

യുധാമന്യുശ്ച വിക്രാന്ത ഉത്തമൌജാശ്ച വീര്യവാന്‍ സൌഭദ്രോ ദ്രൌപദേയാശ്ച സര്‍വ്വ ഏവ മഹാരഥാഃ

yudhāmanyuśca vikrānta uttamaujāśca vīryavān saubhadro draupadeyāśca sarva eva mahārathāḥ

English Translation

And the chivalrous Yudhamanyu, and the valiant Uttamaujas; son of Subhadra (Abhimanyu) and the sons of Draupadi all (of whom) are, verily, maharathas.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 7 Verified original

अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते

അസ്മാകം തു വിശിഷ്ടാ യേ താന്നിബോധ ദ്വിജോത്തമ നായകാ മമ സൈന്യസ്യ സംജ്ഞാര്‍ത്ഥം താന്‍ ബ്രവീമി തേ

asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tānnibodha dvijottama nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tānbravīmi te

English Translation

But, O best among the Brahmanas, please be appraised of those who are foremost among us, the ?nders of my army. I speak of them to you by way of example.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 8 Verified original

भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च

ഭവാന്‍ ഭീഷ്മശ്ച കര്‍ണശ്ച കൃപശ്ച സമിതിഞ്ജയഃ അശ്വത്ഥാമാ വികര്‍ണശ്ച സൌമദത്തിസ്തഥൈവ ച

bhavānbhīṣmaśca karṇaśca kṛpaśca samitiñjayaḥ aśvatthāmā vikarṇaśca saumadattistathaiva ca

English Translation

(They are:) Your venerable self, Bhisma and Karna, and Krpa who is ever victorious in battle; Asvatthama, Vikarna, Saumadatti and Jayadratha.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 9 Verified original

अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः

അന്യേ ച ബഹവഃ ശൂരാ മദര്‍ഥേ ത്യക്തജീവിതാഃ നാനാശസ്ത്രപ്രഹരണാഃ സര്‍വ്വേ യുദ്ധവിശാരദാഃ

anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ

English Translation

There are many heroes who have dedicated their lives for my sake, who possess various kinds of weapons and missiles, (and) all of whom are skilled in battle.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 10 Verified original

अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम्

അപര്യാപ്തം തദസ്മാകം ബലം ഭീഷ്മാഭിരക്ഷിതം പര്യാപ്തം ത്വിദമേതേഷാം ബലം ഭീമാഭിരക്ഷിതം

aparyāptaṃ tadasmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam paryāptaṃ tvidameteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam

English Translation

Therefore, our army under the complete protection of Bhisma and others is unlimited. But this army of these (enemies), under the protection of Bhima and others is limited.

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Explanation · English

The verse is differently interpreted by different commentators. Sridhara Swami takes the word aparyaptam to mean insufficient. Ananda Giri takes it to mean unlimited.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 11 Verified original

अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि

അയനേഷു ച സര്‍വ്വേഷു യഥാഭാഗമവസ്ഥിതാഃ ഭീഷ്മമേവാഭിരക്ഷന്തു ഭവന്തഃ സര്‍വ്വ ഏവ ഹി

ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgamavasthitāḥ bhīṣmamevābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi

English Translation

However, venerable sirs, all of you without exception, while occupying all the positions in the different directions as alloted (to you respectively), please fully protect Bhisma in particular.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 12 Verified original

तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान्

തസ്യ സഞ്ജനയ‍ന്‍ ഹര്‍ഷം കുരുവൃദ്ധഃ പിതാമഹഃ സിംഹനാദം വിനദ്യോച്ചൈഃ ശംഖം ദധ്മൌ പ്രതാപവാന്‍

tasya sañjanayanharṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān

English Translation

The valiant grandfather, the eldest of the Kurus, loudly sounding a lion-roar, blew the conch to raise his (Duryodhana's) spirits.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 13 Verified original

ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत्

തതഃ ശംഖാശ്ച ഭേര്യശ്ച പണവാനകഗോമുഖാഃ സഹസൈവാഭ്യഹന്യന്ത സ ശബ്ദസ്തുമുലോഽഭവത്

tataḥ śaṅkhāśca bheryaśca paṇavānakagomukhāḥ sahasaivābhyahanyanta sa śabdastumulo.abhavat

English Translation

Just immediately after that conchs and kettledrums, and tabors, trumpets and cow-horns blared forth. That sound became tumultuous.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 14 Verified original

ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः

തതഃ ശ്വേതൈര്‍ ഹയൈര്‍യുക്തേ മഹതി സ്യന്ദനേ സ്ഥിതൌ മാധവഃ പാണ്ഡവശ്ചൈവ ദിവ്യൌ ശംഖൗ പ്രദധ്മതുഃ

tataḥ śvetairhayairyukte mahati syandane sthitau mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaścaiva divyau śaṅkhau pradadhmatuḥ

English Translation

Then, Madhava (Krsna) and the son of Pandu (Arjuna), stationed in their magnificent chariot with white horses yoked to it, loudly blew their divine conchs.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 15 Verified original

पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वृकोदरः

പാഞ്ചജന്യം ഹൃഷീകേശോ ദേവദത്തം ധനഞ്ജയഃ പൌണ്ഡ്രം ദധ്മൗ മഹാശങ്ഖം ഭീമകര്‍മാ വൃകോദരഃ

pāñcajanyaṃ hṛṣīkeśo devadattaṃ dhanañjayaḥ pauṇḍraṃ dadhmau mahāśaṅkhaṃ bhīmakarmā vṛkodaraḥ

English Translation

Hrsikesa (Krsna) (blew the conch) Pancajanya; Dhananjaya (Arjuna) (the conch) Devadatta; and Vrkodara (Bhima) of terrible deeds blew the great conch Paundra;

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 16 Verified original

अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ

അനന്തവിജയം രാജാ കുന്തീപുത്രോ യുധിഷ്ഠിരഃ നകുലഃ സഹദേവശ്ച സുഘോഷമണിപുഷ്പകൌ

anantavijayaṃ rājā kuntīputro yudhiṣṭhiraḥ nakulaḥ sahadevaśca sughoṣamaṇipuṣpakau

English Translation

King Yudhisthira, son of Kunti, (blew) the Anantavijaya; Nakula and Sahadeva, the Sughosa and the Manipuspaka (respectively).

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 17 Verified original

काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः

കാശ്യശ്ച പരമേഷ്വാസഃ ശിഖണ്ഡീ ച മഹാരഥഃ ധൃഷ്ടദ്യുമ്നോ വിരാടശ്ച സാത്യകിശ്ചാപരാജിതഃ

kāśyaśca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ dhṛṣṭadyumno virāṭaśca sātyakiścāparājitaḥ

English Translation

And the King of Kasi, wielding a great bow, and the great chariot-rider Sikhandi, Dhrstadyumna and Virata, and Satyaki the unconered;

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 18 Verified original

द्रुपदो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्वशः पृथिवीपते सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक्

ദ്രുപദോ ദ്രൌപദേയാശ്ച സര്‍വ്വശഃ പൃഥിവീപതേ സൌഭദ്രശ്ച മഹാബാഹുഃ ശങ്ഖാന്ദധ്മുഃ പൃഥക്പൃഥക്

drupado draupadeyāśca sarvaśaḥ pṛthivīpate saubhadraśca mahābāhuḥ śaṅkhāndadhmuḥ pṛthakpṛthak

English Translation

Drupada and the sons of Draupadi, and the son of Subhadra, (Abhimanyu) the mighty-armed all (of them) together, O king, blew their respective conchs.

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Explanation · English

This blowing of conches announced the commencement of the battle.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 19 Verified original

स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत् नभश्च पृथिवीं चैव तुमुलोऽभ्यनुनादयन् (or लोव्यनु)

സ ഘോഷോ ധാര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രാണാം ഹൃദയാനി വ്യദാരയത് നഭശ്ച പൃഥിവീം ചൈവ തുമുലോഽവ്യനുനാദയന്‍

sa ghoṣo dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṃ hṛdayāni vyadārayat nabhaśca pṛthivīṃ caiva tumulo.abhyanunādayan (lo vyanu)

English Translation

That tremendous sound pierced the hearts of the sons of Dhrtarastra as it reverberated through the sky and the earth.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 20 Verified original

अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते

അഥ വ്യവസ്ഥിതാന്ദൃഷ്ട്വാ ധാര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രാ‍ന്‍ കപിധ്വജഃ പ്രവൃത്തേ ശസ്ത്രസമ്പാതേ ധനുരുദ്യമ്യ പാണ്ഡവഃ ഹൃഷീകേശം തദാ വാക്യമിദമാഹ മഹീപതേ

atha vyavasthitāndṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapidhvajaḥ pravṛtte śastrasampāte dhanurudyamya pāṇḍavaḥ

English Translation

O king, thereafter, seeing Dhrtarastra's men standing in their positions, when all the weapons were ready for action, the son of Pandu (Arjuna) who had the insignia of Hanuman of his chariot-flag, raising up his bow, said the following to Hrsikesa.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 21 Verified original

अर्जुन उवाच सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये रथं स्थापय मेऽच्युत

സേനയോരുഭയോര്‍മധ്യേ രഥം സ്ഥാപയ മേഽച്യുത

hṛṣīkeśaṃ tadā vākyamidamāha mahīpate arjuna uvāca senayorubhayormadhye rathaṃ sthāpaya me.acyuta

English Translation

Arjuna said O Acyuta, please place my chariot between both the armies .

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 22 Verified original

यावदेतान्निरीक्षेऽहं योद्धुकामानवस्थितान् कैर्मया सह योद्धव्यमस्मिन् रणसमुद्यमे

യാവദേതാന്നിരീക്ഷേഽഹം യോദ്ധുകാമാനവസ്ഥിതാന്‍ കൈര്‍മയാ സഹ യോദ്ധവ്യമസ്മി‍ന്‍ രണസമുദ്യമേ

yāvadetānnirikṣe.ahaṃ yoddhukāmānavasthitān kairmayā saha yoddhavyamasmin raṇasamudyame

English Translation

until I survey these who stand intent on fighting, and those who are going to engage in battle with me in this impending war.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 23 Verified original

योत्स्यमानानवेक्षेऽहं य एतेऽत्र समागताः धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः

യോത്സ്യമാനാനവേക്ഷേഽഹം യ ഏതേഽത്ര സമാഗതാഃ ധാര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രസ്യ ദുര്‍ബുദ്ധേര്‍യുദ്ധേ പ്രിയചികീര്‍ഷവഃ

yotsyamānānavekṣe.ahaṃ ya ete.atra samāgatāḥ dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddheryuddhe priyacikīrṣavaḥ

English Translation

These who have assembled here and want to accomplish in the war what is dear to the perverted son of Dhrtarastra, I find them to be intent on fighting.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 24 Verified original

सञ्जय उवाच एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम्

ഏവമുക്തോ ഹൃഷീകേശോ ഗുഡാകേശേന ഭാരത സേനയോരുഭയോര്‍മധ്യേ സ്ഥാപയിത്വാ രഥോത്തമം

sañjaya uvāca evamukto hṛṣīkeśo guḍākeśena bhārata senayorubhayormadhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam

English Translation

1.25 Sanjay said O scion of the line of Bharata (Dhrtararastra), Hrsikesa, being told so by Gudakesa (Arjuna), placed the excellent chariot between the two armies, in front of Bhisma and Drona as also all the rulers of the earth, and said, 'O Partha (Arjuna), see these assempled people of the Kuru dynasty.'

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 25 Verified original

भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम् उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति

ഭീഷ്മദ്രോണപ്രമുഖതഃ സര്‍വ്വേഷാം ച മഹീക്ഷിതാം ഉവാച പാര്‍ഥ പശ്യൈതാ‍ന്‍ സമവേതാന്‍ കുരൂനിതി

bhīṣmadroṇapramukhataḥ sarveṣāṃ ca mahīkṣitām uvāca pārtha paśyaitānsamavetānkurūniti

English Translation

1.25 Sanjay said O scion of the line of Bharata (Dhrtararastra), Hrsikesa, being told so by Gudakesa (Arjuna), placed the excellent chariot between the two armies, in front of Bhisma and Drona as also all the rulers of the earth, and said, 'O Partha (Arjuna), see these assempled people of the Kuru dynasty.'

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 26 Verified original

तत्रापश्यत्स्थितान्पार्थः पितॄनथ पितामहान् आचार्यान्मातुलान्भ्रातॄन्पुत्रान्पौत्रान्सखींस्तथा

തത്രാപശ്യത്സ്ഥിതാ‍ന്‍ പാ‍ര്‍ഥ പിതൃനഥ പിതാമഹാന്‍ ആചാര്യാന്മാതുലാ‍ന്‍ ഭ്രാതൃന്‍ പുത്രാന്‍ പൗത്രാ‍ന്‍ സഖീംസ്തഥാ ശ്വശുരാ‍ന്‍ സുഹൃദശ്ചൈവ സേനയോരുഭയോരപി

tatrāpaśyatsthitānpārthaḥ pitṝnatha pitāmahān ācāryānmātulānbhrātṛnputrānpautrānsakhīṃstathā

English Translation

Then Partha (Arjuna) saw, marshalled among both the armies, (his) uncles as also grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers (and (cousins), sons, grandsons, as well as comrades and fathers-in-law and friends.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 27 Verified original

श्वशुरान्सुहृदश्चैव सेनयोरुभयोरपि तान्समीक्ष्य स कौन्तेयः सर्वान्बन्धूनवस्थितान्

താ‍‍ന്‍ സമീക്ഷ്യ സ കൌന്തേയഃ സര്‍വ്വാ‍ന്‍ ബന്ധൂനവസ്ഥിതാ‍ന്‍

śvaśurānsuhṛdaścaiva senayorubhayorapi tānsamīkṣya sa kaunteyaḥ sarvānbandhūnavasthitān

English Translation

The son of Kunti (Ajuna), seeing all those rlatives arrayed (there), became overwhelmed by supreme compassion and said this sorrowfully:

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 28 Verified original

दृष्ट्वेमं स्वजनं कृष्ण युयुत्सुं समुपस्थितम् सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति

ദൃഷ്ട്വേമം സ്വജനം കൃഷ്ണ യുയുത്സും സമുപസ്ഥിതം

dṛṣṭvemaṁ svajanaṁ kṛṣṇa yuyutsuṁ samupasthitam sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṁ ca pariśuṣyati

English Translation

O Krishna, seeing my own kinsmen arrayed here, eager to fight, my limbs fail me and my mouth is parching.

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Explanation · English

Arjuna's breakdown begins physically — his body rebels before his mind does. "Sīdanti mama gātrāṇi" (my limbs are failing) and "mukhaṁ ca pariśuṣyati" (my mouth is drying up) are classic symptoms of extreme anxiety. The Gita acknowledges that spiritual crises manifest in the body first.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 29 Verified original

सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति वेपथुश्च शरीरे मे रोमहर्षश्च जायते

സീദന്തി മമ ഗാത്രാണി മുഖം ച പരിശുഷ്യതി വേപഥുശ്ച ശരീരേ മേ രോമഹര്‍ഷശ്ച ജായതേ

sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati vepathuśca śarīre me romaharṣaśca jāyate

English Translation

And there is trembling in my body, and there is horripillation; the Gandiva (bow) slips from the hand and even the skin burns intensely.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 30 Verified original

गाण्डीवं स्रंसते हस्तात्त्वक्चैव परिदह्यते न च शक्नोम्यवस्थातुं भ्रमतीव च मे मनः

ഗാണ്ഡീവം സ്രംസതേ ഹസ്താത്ത്വക്ചൈവ പരിദഹ്യതേ ന ച ശക്നോമ്യവസ്ഥാതും ഭ്രമതീവ ച മേ മനഃ

gāṇḍīvaṃ sraṃsate hastāttvakcaiva paridahyate na ca śaknomyavasthātuṃ bhramatīva ca me manaḥ

English Translation

Moreover, O Kesava (Krsna), I am not able to stand firmly, and my mind seems to be whirling. And I notice the omens to be adverse.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 31 Verified original

निमित्तानि च पश्यामि विपरीतानि केशव न च श्रेयोऽनुपश्यामि हत्वा स्वजनमाहवे

നിമിത്താനി ച പശ്യാമി വിപരീതാനി കേശവ ന ച ശ്രേയോഽനുപശ്യാമി ഹത്വാ സ്വജനമാഹവേ

nimittāni ca paśyāmi viparītāni keśava na ca śreyo.anupaśyāmi hatvā svajanamāhave

English Translation

Besides, I do not see any good (to be derived) from killing my own people in battle. O Krsna, I do not hanker after victory, nor even a kingdom nor pleasures.

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Explanation · English

Kesava means he who has fine or luxuriant hair.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 32 Verified original

न काङ्क्षे विजयं कृष्ण न च राज्यं सुखानि च किं नो राज्येन गोविन्द किं भोगैर्जीवितेन वा

ന കാംക്ഷേ വിജയം കൃഷ്ണ ന ച രാജ്യം സുഖാനി ച കിം നോ രാജ്യേന ഗോവിന്ദ കിം ഭോഗൈര്‍ജീവിതേന വാ

na kāṅkṣe vijayaṃ kṛṣṇa na ca rājyaṃ sukhāni ca kiṃ no rājyena govinda kiṃ bhogairjīvitena vā

English Translation

1.34 O Govinda! What need do we have of a kingdom, or what (need) of enjoyments and livelihood? Those for whom kingdom, enjoyments and pleasures ae desired by us, viz teachers, uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law as also relatives-those very ones stand arrayed for battle risking their lives and wealth.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 33 Verified original

येषामर्थे काङ्क्षितं नो राज्यं भोगाः सुखानि च त इमेऽवस्थिता युद्धे प्राणांस्त्यक्त्वा धनानि च

യേഷാമര്‍ഥേ കാംക്ഷിതം നോ രാജ്യം ഭോഗാഃ സുഖാനി ച ത ഇമേഽവസ്ഥിതാ യുദ്ധേ പ്രാണാംസ്ത്യക്ത്വാ ധനാനി ച

yeṣāmarthe kāṅkṣitaṃ no rājyaṃ bhogāḥ sukhāni ca ta ime.avasthitā yuddhe prāṇāṃstyaktvā dhanāni ca

English Translation

1.34 O Govinda! What need do we have of a kingdom, or what (need) of enjoyments and livelihood? Those for whom kingdom, enjoyments and pleasures ae desired by us, viz teachers, uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law as also relatives-those very ones stand arrayed for battle risking their lives and wealth.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 34 Verified original

आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः मातुलाः श्वशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः सम्बन्धिनस्तथा

ആചാര്യാഃ പിതരഃ പുത്രാസ്തഥൈവ ച പിതാമഹാഃ മാതുലാഃ ശ്വശുരാഃ പൌത്രാഃ ശ്യാലാഃ സംബന്ധിനസ്തഥാ

ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrāstathaiva ca pitāmahāḥ mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinastathā

English Translation

1.34 O Govinda! What need do we have of a kingdom, or what (need) of enjoyments and livelihood? Those for whom kingdom, enjoyments and pleasures ae desired by us, viz teachers, uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law as also relatives-those very ones stand arrayed for battle risking their lives and wealth.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 35 Verified original

एतान्न हन्तुमिच्छामि घ्नतोऽपि मधुसूदन अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हेतोः किं नु महीकृते

ഏതാന്ന ഹന്തുമിച്ഛാമി ഘ്നതോഽപി മധുസൂദന അപി ത്രൈലോക്യരാജ്യസ്യ ഹേതോഃ കിം നു മഹീകൃതേ

etānna hantumicchāmi ghnato.api madhusūdana api trailokyarājyasya hetoḥ kiṃ nu mahīkṛte

English Translation

O Madhusudana, even if I am killed, I do not want to kill these even for the sake of a kingdom extending over the three worlds; what to speak of doing so for the earth!

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 36 Verified original

निहत्य धार्तराष्ट्रान्नः का प्रीतिः स्याज्जनार्दन पापमेवाश्रयेदस्मान्हत्वैतानाततायिनः

നിഹത്യ ധാര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രാന്നഃ കാ പ്രീതിഃ സ്യാജ്ജനാര്‍ദന പാപമേവാശ്രയേദസ്മാന്‍ ഹത്വൈതാനാതതായിനഃ

nihatya dhārtarāṣṭrānnaḥ kā prītiḥ syājjanārdana pāpamevāśrayedasmānhatvaitānātatāyinaḥ

English Translation

O Janardana, what happiness shall we derive by killing the sons of Dhrtarastra? Sin alone will accrue to us by killing these felons.

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Explanation · English

Janardana means one who is worshipped by all for prosperity and salvation -- Krishna.He who sets fire to the house of another? who gives poision? who runs with sword to kill? who has plundered wealth and lands? and who has taken hold of the wife of somody else is an atatayi. Duryodhana had done all these evil actions.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 37 Verified original

तस्मान्नार्हा वयं हन्तुं धार्तराष्ट्रान्स्वबान्धवान् स्वजनं हि कथं हत्वा सुखिनः स्याम माधव

തസ്മാന്നാര്‍ഹാ വയം ഹന്തും ധാര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രാ‍ന്‍ സ്വബാന്ധവാന്‍ സ്വജനം ഹി കഥം ഹത്വാ സുഖിനഃ സ്യാമ മാധവ

tasmānnārhā vayaṃ hantuṃ dhārtarāṣṭrānsvabāndhavān svajanaṃ hi kathaṃ hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava

English Translation

Therefore, it is not proper for us to kill the sons of Dhrtarastra who are our own relatives. For, O Madhava, how can we be happy by killing our kinsmen?

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 38 Verified original

यद्यप्येते न पश्यन्ति लोभोपहतचेतसः कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं मित्रद्रोहे च पातकम्

യദ്യപ്യേതേ ന പശ്യന്തി ലോഭോപഹതചേതസഃ കുലക്ഷയകൃതം ദോഷം മിത്രദ്രോഹേ ച പാതകം

yadyapyete na paśyanti lobhopahatacetasaḥ kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ mitradrohe ca pātakam

English Translation

1.39 O Janardana, although these people, whose hearts have become perverted by greed, do not see the evil arising from destroying the family and sin in hostility towards, friends, yet how can we who clearly see the evil arising from destroying the family remain unaware of (the need of) abstaining from this sin?

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 39 Verified original

कथं न ज्ञेयमस्माभिः पापादस्मान्निवर्तितुम् कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं प्रपश्यद्भिर्जनार्दन

കഥം ന ജ്ഞേയമസ്മാഭിഃ പാപാദസ്മാന്നിവര്‍തിതും കുലക്ഷയകൃതം ദോഷം പ്രപശ്യദ്ഭിര്‍ജനാര്‍ദന

kathaṃ na jñeyamasmābhiḥ pāpādasmānnivartitum kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ prapaśyadbhirjanārdana

English Translation

1.39 O Janardana, although these people, whose hearts have become perverted by greed, do not see the evil arising from destroying the family and sin in hostility towards, friends, yet how can we who clearly see the evil arising from destroying the family remain unaware of (the need of) abstaining from this sin?

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Explanation · English

Ignorance of law is no excuse but wanton sinful conduct is a grave crime? unworthy of us? who are wiser.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 40 Verified original

कुलक्षये प्रणश्यन्ति कुलधर्माः सनातनाः धर्मे नष्टे कुलं कृत्स्नमधर्मोऽभिभवत्युत

കുലക്ഷയേ പ്രണശ്യന്തി കുലധര്‍മാഃ സനാതനാഃ ധര്‍മ്മേ നഷ്ടേ കുലം കൃത്സ്നമധര്‍മ്മോഽഭിഭവത്യുത

kulakṣaye praṇaśyanti kuladharmāḥ sanātanāḥ dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnamadharmo.abhibhavatyuta

English Translation

From the ruin of the family are totally destroyed the traditional rites and duties of the family. When rites and duties are destroyed, vice overpowers the entire family also.

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Explanation · English

Dharma -- the duties and ceremonies practised by the family in accordance with the injunctions of the scriptures.

Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 41 Verified original

अधर्माभिभवात्कृष्ण प्रदुष्यन्ति कुलस्त्रियः स्त्रीषु दुष्टासु वार्ष्णेय जायते वर्णसङ्करः

അധര്‍മ്മാഭിഭവാത്കൃഷ്ണ പ്രദുഷ്യന്തി കുലസ്ത്രിയഃ സ്ത്രീഷു ദുഷ്ടാസു വാര്‍ഷ്ണേയ ജായതേ വര്‍ണസങ്കരഃ

adharmābhibhavātkṛṣṇa praduṣyanti kulastriyaḥ strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya jāyate varṇasaṅkaraḥ

English Translation

O Krsna, when vice predominates, the women of the family become corrupt. O descendent of the Vrsnis, when women become corrupted, it results in the intermingling of castes.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 42 Verified original

सङ्करो नरकायैव कुलघ्नानां कुलस्य च पतन्ति पितरो ह्येषां लुप्तपिण्डोदकक्रियाः

സങ്കരോ നരകായൈവ കുലഘ്നാനാം കുലസ്യ ച പതന്തി പിതരോ ഹ്യേഷാം ലുപ്തപിണ്ഡോദകക്രിയാഃ

saṅkaro narakāyaiva kulaghnānāṃ kulasya ca patanti pitaro hyeṣāṃ luptapiṇḍodakakriyāḥ

English Translation

And the intermingling in the family leads the ruiners of the family verily into hell. The forefathers of these fall down (into hell) because of being deprived of the offerings of rice-balls and water.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 43 Verified original

दोषैरेतैः कुलघ्नानां वर्णसङ्करकारकैः उत्साद्यन्ते जातिधर्माः कुलधर्माश्च शाश्वताः

ദോഷൈരേതൈഃ കുലഘ്നാനാം വര്‍ണസങ്കരകാരകൈഃ ഉത്സാദ്യന്തേ ജാതിധര്‍മ്മാഃ കുലധര്‍മ്മാശ്ച ശാശ്വതാഃ

doṣairetaiḥ kulaghnānāṃ varṇasaṅkarakārakaiḥ utsādyante jātidharmāḥ kuladharmāśca śāśvatāḥ

English Translation

Due to these misdeeds of the ruiners of the family, which cause intermingling of castes, the traditional rites and duties of the castes and families become destroyed.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 44 Verified original

उत्सन्नकुलधर्माणां मनुष्याणां जनार्दन नरके नियतं वासो भवतीत्यनुशुश्रुम (or नरकेऽनियतं)

ഉത്സന്നകുലധര്‍മാണാം മനുഷ്യാണാം ജനാര്‍ദന നരകേ നിയതം വാസോ ഭവതീത്യനുശുശ്രുമ

utsannakuladharmāṇāṃ manuṣyāṇāṃ janārdana narake niyataṃ vāso bhavatītyanuśuśruma

English Translation

O Janardana, we have heard that living in hell becomes inevitable for those persons whose family duties get destroyed.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 45 Verified original

अहो बत महत्पापं कर्तुं व्यवसिता वयम् यद्राज्यसुखलोभेन हन्तुं स्वजनमुद्यताः

അഹോ ബത മഹത്പാപം കര്‍തും വ്യവസിതാ വയം

aho bata mahatpāpaṃ kartuṃ vyavasitā vayam yadrājyasukhalobhena hantuṃ svajanamudyatāḥ

English Translation

What a pity that we have resolved to commit a great sin by being eager to kill our own kith and kin, out of greed for the pleasures of a kingdom!

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 46 Verified original

यदि मामप्रतीकारमशस्त्रं शस्त्रपाणयः धार्तराष्ट्रा रणे हन्युस्तन्मे क्षेमतरं भवेत्

യദി മാമപ്രതീകാരമശസ്ത്രം ശസ്ത്രപാണയഃ ധാ‍ര്‍തരാഷ്ട്രാ രണേ ഹന്യുസ്തന്മേ ക്ഷേമതരം ഭവേത്

yadi māmapratīkāramaśastraṃ śastrapāṇayaḥ dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyustanme kṣemataraṃ bhavet

English Translation

If, in this battle, the sons of Dhrtarastra armed with weapons kill me who am non-resistant and unarmed, that will be more beneficial to me.

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Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada Yoga 1 · Verse 47 Verified original

सञ्जय उवाच एवमुक्त्वार्जुनः सङ्ख्ये रथोपस्थ उपाविशत् विसृज्य सशरं चापं शोकसंविग्नमानसः

ഏവമുക്ത്വാര്‍ജുനഃ സംഖ്യേ രഥോപസ്ഥ ഉപാവിശത് വിസൃജ്യ സശരം ചാപം ശോകസംവിഗ്നമാനസഃ

sañjaya uvācha evam uktvārjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśhat visṛjya sa-śharaṁ chāpaṁ śhoka-saṁvigna-mānasaḥ

English Translation

Sanjaya said: Having spoken thus on the battlefield, Arjuna cast aside his bow and arrows, and sat down on the chariot, his mind overwhelmed with grief.

AdiyogiArts gita-json · https://github.com/AdiyogiArts/gita-json (MIT License)

Explanation · English

This is the climactic verse of Chapter 1. Arjuna — the greatest warrior of his time — collapses. He doesn't just put down his weapons; he "casts them aside" (visṛjya), an act of complete renunciation. The word "śhoka-saṁvigna-mānasaḥ" (mind overwhelmed with grief) describes a total psychological breakdown. This sets up the entire teaching of the Gita.